Treatment of Women throughout Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Treatment of Womenâ throughout Othelloâ â   â Lamentably, sexism raises its terrible head even in such a certainly incredible disaster as William Shakespeare’s Othello.  Let us seek after an investigation of the issue in this article.   In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen depicts the chauvinist â€Å"brothel scene† in Othello:  The â€Å"brothel scene† (4.2), viciously brutal in light of the fact that in it he converses with Desdemona regarding a prostitute, is yet brimming with mournful misery and even passionate delicacy. It recovers him in his desire that paradise were attempting him with tribulation †a religiously sparing conviction; and it opens quickly his heart when he sees his most noticeably awful suffering †without which he could bear the experience †being disposed of from â€Å"there where I have accumulated up my heart† (4.2.57). (65)  In the initial scene, while Iago is communicating his disdain for the general Othello for his choice of Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he creates an arrangement to mostly vindicate himself (â€Å"I tail him to serve my chance upon him†), with Roderigo’s help, by cautioning Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, to the reality of his daughter’s elopement with Othello: â€Å"Call up her dad,/Rouse him: make after him, poison his pleasure [. . .] .† Implied in this move is the reality of a father’s accepted power over the daughter’s decision of a marriage accomplice. Iago’s cautioning to the congressperson follows intently: â€Å"'Zounds, sir, you're robb'd; for disgrace, put on your outfit;/Your heart is blasted, you have lost a large portion of your soul.† This announcement additionally suggests that the dad has authority over the little girl. Brabantio’s caution to Roderigo certainly communicates a similar message:  The worser welcome:  â â â I have charged thee not to frequent about my entryways: ... ... lie;  â â â Upon my spirit, an untruth, a mischievous falsehood.  â â â She bogus with Cassio! (5.2)  At that point she blames him for causing murder: â€Å"And your reports have set the homicide on.† Emilia’s shocking cross examination and conviction of her own better half as the malevolent brains behind the homicide switches the chauvinist picture of ladies hidden the play. Her presentation demonstrates that ladies are guided by motivation to a similar degree, or much more prominent than, men; and that men are energy driven moreso than are ladies. The tables are turned on sexism at the very peak of the dramatization!  WORKS CITED   Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.  Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.  Â

Cyberspace and Human Relationships Essay

In the past individuals were partitioned into 2 gatherings: those with social aptitudes that help them in connecting with others, and those without the required social abilities to cooperate in this way making them retreat into a shell or their own little vacuum of a world. These gatherings no longer exist in today’s world as a result of that mechanical wonder that has been connecting social holes in the 21st century, the Internet. The Internet has presented both the socially capable and incompetent individuals to new types of correspondence that don't make them get tongue tied nor have tangled musings when attempting to identify with others. Utilizing talk room, email, gatherings, blogging, and different types of electronic correspondence has permitted individuals, as an aggregate society to rethink human connections according to the presence of the internet. The internet, all the more famously known as the Internet has permitted individuals to find the full degree of their social aptitudes inside the protected bounds of their obscure areas and false names. As per Norman N. Holland in his paper entitled The Internet Regression: Current assessments state 23 million individuals convey on the Internet from a large portion of the countries on the globe, and that number is expanding at 12% per month. One would ordinarily say that these measurements are a decent sign. Individuals are at last speaking with one another paying little heed to nationality, ethnicity, and race. Nothing could be further from reality. Mr. Holland’s explore has shown that: Talking on the Internet, individuals relapse. It’s that basic. It tends to be balanced chat on email or many-to-many chat on one of the LISTs or newsgroups. Individuals relapse, communicating sex and animosity as they never would up close and personal. He continues to clarify that these relapses can be found in 3 perspectives that he terms as Internet primitivism. These demonstrations of primitivism are blazing, sexual animosity, for some odd reason, unprecedented liberality over the Internet. He characterizes flaring as Flying into a typewritten rage at some apparent slight or goof and is the most well-known type of Internet primitivism typically found in discussions, online journals, newsgroups, and messages. Inappropriate behavior is a: Crude solicitations to individuals about whom one knows close to their online marks (which likely could be â€Å"gender-benders† that shroud the sex of the speaker). Much the same as in the physical world, this sort of assault is pointed towards ladies and can happen even in the most expert and scholarly of gatherings. Albeit, because of the namelessness that the internet offers, guys additionally get a considerable amount or profane proposition. At long last, you are most likely pondering with regards to how uncommon liberality can be viewed as a sort of relapse impacted by the utilization of the Internet. Mr. Holland clarifies that The one remark you hear again and again about online correspondence is the receptiveness, the feeling of sharing and, generally, resilience. All out outsiders will surrender hours of their opportunity to send each other research information. Indeed, even merchandise. This is a direct result of the quality of security and solace that Internet connections give. Mr. Holland tells his perusers that Kristina Ross authored the term â€Å"Identity play† to characterize this kind of transparency. The thought being that People evaluate better approaches for being, frequently in extremely fun loving ways: various callings, the contrary sexual orientation, adjusted self-portrayals. There is a feeling that ‘it doesn’t matter,’ a sentiment of resistance. Summarizing his conviction about Internet connections, he demonstrates that Correspondence on the Internet has its plusses and minuses. The plusses are the liberality and transparency. The minuses are forceful flaring, sexual assault, and expanded defenselessness. I think they are cut out of the same cloth: sex and animosity in positive and negative, dynamic and latent, structures. Both start due to an absence of inhibitionâ€a relapse. In this manner, he accepts that the connections worked over the Internet permit man to surrender to his most fundamental creature wants without anybody to reply to basic in light of the fact that the Internet can't be controlled nor blue-penciled. The principle issue I see with Internet based collaboration is that the human part of socialization has vanished. The internet gives us a misguided feeling that all is well and good and doesn't give any limits that show the clients how to treat our digital neighbor. Restraint doesn't exist when one doesn't truly connect with others and this offers an alternate sort of opportunity that permits one to communicate too uninhibitedly now and again in available resources that one would not set out to attempt when eye to eye with someone else. MIT educator Sherry Turk whose article â€Å"Who Am We? † was distributed by Wire Magazine has discovered that: Computer screens are the new area for our dreams, both sexual and scholarly. We are utilizing life on PC screens to get settled with better approaches for considering development, connections, sexuality, legislative issues, and character. Because of the simplicity of making an Internet personality, man has built up the capacity to turn into the Internet character variant of a chameleon. It isn't extraordinary for an individual to have more than one online character contingent on the sort of webpage being frequented. Every character additionally has a going with character and foundation that could either be founded on the real character of the individual or completely made up so as to fill a specific need for the person. Presently, as per a 2004 study done by the Elan University/Pew Internet Project: By 2014, utilization of the Internet will expand the size of peoples’ informal organizations a long ways past what has customarily been the situation. This will improve trust in the public eye, as individuals have a more extensive scope of sources from which to find and confirm data about openings for work, individual administrations, basic interests and items. The internet has crossed over a correspondence hole around the world. It permits us to have a massively broad informal community utilizing network sites like Friendster, My Space, and other comparative sites. Utilizing these roads, we have created virtual universes where we can get settled with others and choose if it would be justified, despite all the trouble for us to meet them vis-à-vis, or on the off chance that it will be justified, despite all the trouble to address them via telephone. Because of the simplicity of making an Internet personality, man has built up the capacity to turn into the Internet character variant of a chameleon. It isn't extraordinary for an individual to have more than one online character contingent on the sort of website being frequented. Every personality likewise has a going with character and foundation that could either be founded on the genuine character of the individual or completely made up so as to fill a specific need for the person. The presence of the internet has reclassified one of the most fundamental social and human connections. I am discussing the Dating relationship. Gone are the times of stressing and humiliation over needing to converse with an individual you really like or conversing with an individual you truly need to ask out and dreading being rebuked. Dating administrations, for example, coordinate. com multiply the Internet and, for low month to month charges, the organization needs you to accept that they can discover you that ideal accomplice all using innovation bolstered coordinate creation. A huge number of individuals overall are pursued comparative administrations in their nations of origin. The inquiries are (1. ) Does it truly work? (2. ) Is there an increasingly predominant sex in this sort of dating set-up? (3) Have the sexual orientation jobs been turned around as a result of this new type of finding and going out on the town? (4. ) Dating a matter of trust. Would you be able to confide in somebody you just met on the web? Since the internet permits us to convey from significant stretches, individual and sentimental connections that depend on this field bases generally on confiding in the other individual. By one way or another, individuals who connect online appear to be increasingly happy with discussing them and utilize the namelessness of the Internet as certainty help towards getting progressively close. Internet dating permits the two members to discover somebody they share a great deal practically speaking with before really going on a physical date. This reduces or dispose of the vulnerability of the physical date since they accept that they definitely know one another and as of now realize they are intellectually good. Henceforth, an alternate degree of solace and trust. As per Tiberius Brastaviceanu, creator of The Future of Online Dating: Technology-interceded correspondence gives a less unpleasant condition where dating individuals can more readily control their self-introduction, and better plan. A few indications of this distinction are: Misrepresentation: for different reasons individuals will in general depict a persona that is unreasonable to a more prominent degree. End of discussion: trades can be finished unexpectedly, as this activity bears immaterial outcomes. Closeness: individuals will in general reveal progressively personal data, as this activity bears less-huge results. Discourteousness: outrageous practices, ordinarily hindered in a genuine social condition, are normal in PC intervened correspondence. In fact, dating nowadays is presently a long ways from when our folks were dating. Perhaps in light of the fact that dating individuals met online is all the more energizing. It gives and component of shock and as indicated by Brastaviceanu: A definitive reason is that it makes the dating game additionally intriguing, by giving colossal adjustments: closeness, every autonomous dismissal is less unsafe (go here for additional top to bottom), stopping a stillborn connection is less confounded, access to a bigger pool of potential matches, and so on. Internet dating is a sort of dating administration that depends for the most part on innovation, and offers daters the likelihood to meet and to impart on the web. Albeit, much the same as anything unrealistic, it has some grave drawbacks that are viewed as similarly as risky as speed dating and visually impaired dating. As per Brastaviceanu, these difficulties are very like genuine dating burdens

Biography of Janet Yenell Essay - 1375 Words

Biography of Janet Yenell (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: Biography of Janet YenellNameInstitutionAbstractThis research focused on Janet Louise Yellen, the first female chairperson, nominated by President Barack Obama to chair the Federal Reserve Board, succeeding Ben Bernanke. This paper looked deep into the background, education and Yellen's previous undertakings before her current position. A perusal of books and different sites was done to generate the information needed. Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1946, Janet Yellen earned a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1967. She got her Ph.D. in 1971 from Yale University (In Dieterle, D. A. 2013). In 2004, she was president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and then selected as vice chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in 2010 before President Barack Obama nominated her to become the board's chairperson in October 2013.Yellen's first major decisions were to deal with the Federal's current economic stimulus policies and the unemployment ra te. According to Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. (2001 pg.98), Yellen is considered by many to be more concerned with unemployment more than with inflation, and so she is not likely to advocate Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, like the former Federal presidents. However, some predict Yellen could act more like the rest if economic circumstances dictate. President Obama, on the other hand, referred her to as one of the nation's foremost policy makers and economists who were renowned for her good judgment.Life Background and EducationYellen was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Anna (nÃÆ'e Blumenthal) and Julius Yellen, a physician (Boyes, W. J., Melvin, M. 2014). Her father's family originally came from the Polish town of SuwaÃ…ki. She completed Fort Hamilton High School in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn, and then graduated from summa cum laude from Pembroke College (Brown University) with a degree in economics in 1967. Yellen then switched her planned from philosophy to economics (Boyes, W. J., Melvin, M. 2014) with the influence of professors George Borts and Herschel Grossman.She obtained her Ph.D. in economics from the Yale University in 1971 for a thesis titled Employment, Output, and Capital Accumulation in an Open Economy (In Dieterle, D. A. 2013). In May 2015, Yellen received an honorary Doctor of Social Science degree from Yale University then received another honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of influential economists and policymakers in October 2015.Yellen is characterized as a brilliant thinker who focuses on the human side of economics. She looks way beyond the technical institutions unto how they affect people. That makes her feel sympathetic for the jobless. She is a person who is concerned about the human welfare and hence tries to help the people who need her aid both directly and indirectly. (Akarloff, G. A., Kranton, R. E. 2010).Janet Yellen was awarded some academic honors during the time of her career, including the Wilbur Cross Medal from Yale in the year 1997, besides; she got an honorary doctor of laws degree in Brown 1998, and an honorary doctor of humane letters from Bard College in 2000. She has also written on a diverse set of macroeconomic issues, mostly specializing in the mechanisms, causes and implications of joblessness. Yellen is married to an economist, George Arkerlof and has an adult son called Robert.Work HistoryYellen is the current Chair, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System since 2014 to date. Previously, she was the Vice Chair from 2010 to 2014. Following her chairing of the President's Council of Economic Advisers in the years 1997 to 1999, she was further taken as the President and CEO of the Federal Bank of San Francisco between years 2004 to 2010. Janet Yellen was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1994 to 1997, after serving as a professor at Haas School of Business in 1985 to 2 005. In 2005, Yellen became the first federal policy maker that described increasing housing prices as a matter that might cause economic damage.As an Associate Professor, she served at Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley between 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬1985 after lecturing Economic units in The London School of Economic and Political Science. In 1977 to 1978 Yellen acted as an Economist, Division of International Finance, Trade and Financial Studies Section, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. 2001). The honor came up after her five years' service as an assistant professor, Department of Economics, Harvard University. Yellen was a Research Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974 (In Bordo, In Roberds, W. 2013).The economist was both a fellow at American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Vice President, Western Economics Association in 2000. She had a membership at the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Ensuring the Best Pres idential Science and Technology Appointments. In the year 1999, Janet Yellen was a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and acted as the Advisory Board of the Center for International Political Economy and Brookings Panel on Economic Activity. In succession to the President's Interagency Committee on Women's Business Enterprise in 1997, Yellen took over to be the chairperson of the Economic Policy Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development between the years, 1997 and 1999.Difference from other EconomistsA leading American economist, Janet Yellen was the first woman to become chair of the board. Yellen is considered to be a much concerned with unemployment than she is concerned with inflation and hence she is not likely to advocate Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, as compared to the previous Federal Presidents example, however, some predict Yellen could act more as if economic circumstances dictate.Yellen is a kind of economis t who encourages the use of fiscal rules in stabilizing business practices over the cycle of business. She believes in the current version of the Phillips curve which originally was an observation about an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation (Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. 2001 pg.98). Yellen addressed that occasionally letting inflation rise could be a wise and humane policy if it increases output. At the same time, she also stated that each percentage point reduction in inflation results in a loss of Gross Domestic Product.Yellen offers the groundwork for the Federation's strength to maintain inflation at two percent, arguing that finding ways to eliminate inflation completely would do mo... Biography of Janet Yenell Essay - 1375 Words Biography of Janet Yenell (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: Biography of Janet YenellNameInstitutionAbstractThis research focused on Janet Louise Yellen, the first female chairperson, nominated by President Barack Obama to chair the Federal Reserve Board, succeeding Ben Bernanke. This paper looked deep into the background, education and Yellen's previous undertakings before her current position. A perusal of books and different sites was done to generate the information needed. Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1946, Janet Yellen earned a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1967. She got her Ph.D. in 1971 from Yale University (In Dieterle, D. A. 2013). In 2004, she was president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and then selected as vice chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in 2010 before President Barack Obama nominated her to become the board's chairperson in October 2013.Yellen's first major decisions were to deal with the Federal's current economic stimulus policies and the unemployment ra te. According to Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. (2001 pg.98), Yellen is considered by many to be more concerned with unemployment more than with inflation, and so she is not likely to advocate Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, like the former Federal presidents. However, some predict Yellen could act more like the rest if economic circumstances dictate. President Obama, on the other hand, referred her to as one of the nation's foremost policy makers and economists who were renowned for her good judgment.Life Background and EducationYellen was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Anna (nÃÆ'e Blumenthal) and Julius Yellen, a physician (Boyes, W. J., Melvin, M. 2014). Her father's family originally came from the Polish town of SuwaÃ…ki. She completed Fort Hamilton High School in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn, and then graduated from summa cum laude from Pembroke College (Brown University) with a degree in economics in 1967. Yellen then switched her planned from philosophy to economics (Boyes, W. J., Melvin, M. 2014) with the influence of professors George Borts and Herschel Grossman.She obtained her Ph.D. in economics from the Yale University in 1971 for a thesis titled Employment, Output, and Capital Accumulation in an Open Economy (In Dieterle, D. A. 2013). In May 2015, Yellen received an honorary Doctor of Social Science degree from Yale University then received another honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of influential economists and policymakers in October 2015.Yellen is characterized as a brilliant thinker who focuses on the human side of economics. She looks way beyond the technical institutions unto how they affect people. That makes her feel sympathetic for the jobless. She is a person who is concerned about the human welfare and hence tries to help the people who need her aid both directly and indirectly. (Akarloff, G. A., Kranton, R. E. 2010).Janet Yellen was awarded some academic honors during the time of her career, including the Wilbur Cross Medal from Yale in the year 1997, besides; she got an honorary doctor of laws degree in Brown 1998, and an honorary doctor of humane letters from Bard College in 2000. She has also written on a diverse set of macroeconomic issues, mostly specializing in the mechanisms, causes and implications of joblessness. Yellen is married to an economist, George Arkerlof and has an adult son called Robert.Work HistoryYellen is the current Chair, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System since 2014 to date. Previously, she was the Vice Chair from 2010 to 2014. Following her chairing of the President's Council of Economic Advisers in the years 1997 to 1999, she was further taken as the President and CEO of the Federal Bank of San Francisco between years 2004 to 2010. Janet Yellen was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1994 to 1997, after serving as a professor at Haas School of Business in 1985 to 2 005. In 2005, Yellen became the first federal policy maker that described increasing housing prices as a matter that might cause economic damage.As an Associate Professor, she served at Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley between 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬1985 after lecturing Economic units in The London School of Economic and Political Science. In 1977 to 1978 Yellen acted as an Economist, Division of International Finance, Trade and Financial Studies Section, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. 2001). The honor came up after her five years' service as an assistant professor, Department of Economics, Harvard University. Yellen was a Research Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974 (In Bordo, In Roberds, W. 2013).The economist was both a fellow at American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Vice President, Western Economics Association in 2000. She had a membership at the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Ensuring the Best Pres idential Science and Technology Appointments. In the year 1999, Janet Yellen was a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and acted as the Advisory Board of the Center for International Political Economy and Brookings Panel on Economic Activity. In succession to the President's Interagency Committee on Women's Business Enterprise in 1997, Yellen took over to be the chairperson of the Economic Policy Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development between the years, 1997 and 1999.Difference from other EconomistsA leading American economist, Janet Yellen was the first woman to become chair of the board. Yellen is considered to be a much concerned with unemployment than she is concerned with inflation and hence she is not likely to advocate Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, as compared to the previous Federal Presidents example, however, some predict Yellen could act more as if economic circumstances dictate.Yellen is a kind of economis t who encourages the use of fiscal rules in stabilizing business practices over the cycle of business. She believes in the current version of the Phillips curve which originally was an observation about an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation (Friedman, B. Solow. Taylor, J. B. 2001 pg.98). Yellen addressed that occasionally letting inflation rise could be a wise and humane policy if it increases output. At the same time, she also stated that each percentage point reduction in inflation results in a loss of Gross Domestic Product.Yellen offers the groundwork for the Federation's strength to maintain inflation at two percent, arguing that finding ways to eliminate inflation completely would do mo...

Entrapment Of Household Analysis Of “A Doll’S House”.

Entrapment of Household: Analysis of â€Å"A Doll’s House† The author of â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Henrik Ibsen was criticized for his controversial advocacy of moral and social reform by failing to respect the institution of marriage in his plays. A Doll’s House presents the aftermath of nineteenth-century patriarchal husbandry like those in Susan Glaspell’s play, â€Å"Trifles†. In many of the parlor plays of this era, female spectators reflect on their individual situations, revealing the unsatisfying nature of a woman’s position in marriage which alters their cultural and spatial conception of the domestic (Mazur 14-15). While male spectators frequently use terms such as hysteria, abnormality, and unacceptability to women acting outside what men†¦show more content†¦Although these roles were restrictive to being a homemaker and mother, both wives were further restricted by isolation. Minnie Wright was with a husband that worked long hours and was without child. While Nora Helmer was str ipped of all responsibility of her children’s upbringing by Torvald hiring a nursemaid for them and he also told her, â€Å"I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you.† (Ibsen 3.836). Both male and female gender roles exploited in a form of imprisonment for every character in both plays either from marriage or from the social economic stressors of the era. The faà §ade in which they lived seemed normal, nearly perfect, but it was an illusion to obscure the reality of unsettled marriages. According to Mr. Mrs. Hale, John Wright was a hard man that was close who isolated, deprived, and disrespected Minnie to the point that he may likely have strangling her treasured song bird. In contrast, Torvald treated Nora like she was nothing more than his plaything as she was raised to be, as she said â€Å"at home I was papa’s doll-child† (Ibsen 3.838) and in matrimony, Torvald expected her to get in costume and dance her tara ntella for his pleasure. Nora’s tarantella was empowered by the metamorphism of costume, in which it was easier to reach an out-of-self state (hysteria) in costume than in constrictive everyday dress. These meta-acts like Nora’s tarantella gave nineteenth-century women theShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House899 Words   |  4 PagesAcclaimed as one of the principal playwrights that gave birth to modernism in theatre, Norwegian playwright and theatre director Henrik Ibsen pushed boundaries with his plays that analyzed and criticized societal norms and values. A Doll’s House provides one such example, where the play’s protagonist Nora leaves her husband in the final scene to undertake a spiritual journey of self-discovery. An alternative ending was made for this play posthumously as a result of the controversy it caused at theRead MoreAtonement -Female Disempowerment2579 Words   |  11 PagesIn their reflection on the past modern writers prese nt the experiences of a woman as one of disempowerment. To what extent do you agree with this proposition? Angela Holdsworth foregrounds the changed position of women in her book Out of the Dolls House where women are no longer content to endure the treatment which in past times their inferior position obliged them to suffer.’ The use of obliged suggests how passively women had to accept their lower role under men and how they were unable to

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott...

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby is a classic American novel, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1927 about corruption, murder and life in the 1920’s. The true purpose for a writer to compose any piece of literature is to entertain the reader, and this writer does this to the best of his ability. In this well-crafted tale, Fitzgerald presents a fast moving, exciting story, and to any typical reader it can be enjoyed; however, if the reader takes the time to analyze his words and truly understand his symbolism used, it can transform this account into a completely different entity. In The Great Gatsby, it is apparent that Fitzgerald uses these symbols to provide representations of what life was†¦show more content†¦It implies that Gatsby and Daisy are meant to be together and nothing should stop Gatsby from his destined happiness and love with Daisy. It inspires hope for Gatsby that he is on the right path, heading towards the best years of his life. He believes that things will soon be as they once were, only better. â€Å"â€Å"Im going to fix everything just the way they were before,† he said nodding determinedly. â€Å"She’ll see.†Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 117). Green is also the color of money, and the color of the interior of Gatsby’s superfluous car. Gatsby drives a cream colored Rolls-Royce sedan, with green interior. The car in itself is just a way to show everyone that catches a glance of Gatsby to see just how wealthy he is, and a way to attract attention to himself, especially the attention of Daisy. The color green can be viewed with many perspectives, but Fitzgerald uses it to represent a plethora of concepts. The setting is another aspects that Fitzgerald utilizes as a symbol to further enhance the important themes presented in The Great Gatsby. The Valley of Ashes represents the poverty in America in the 1920’s and how filthy and corrupted some people’s lives were. All of the characters in the book go to the Valley of Ashes to commit sin or illegal acts. The East Egg (home of the Buchanans) representsShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesDickson 16 December 2016 THE GREAT GATSBY Was Gatsby truly great? In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald a storyline unfolds throughout the book describing different characters, events, and gives us a glimpse through the window of the author s life. The story takes place in the hot summer of 1922 where a charming young man named Gatsby tries to do everything he can in order to be reunited with a girl he has always loved. From being poor to becoming wealthy, Gatsby hosts many parties in hopesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald706 Words   |  3 PagesNever has symbolism played such a crucial part in the very foundation of a novel as it does in Scott Fitzgeralds masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. Harold Bloom has written about this book. The author used several types of symbolism in The Great Gatsby. The colours are probably the easiest to be recognized and guessed what they symbolized. According to the definition â€Å"symbolism† is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributi ng symbolic meanings or significance to objectsRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. For example, a dove is usually used to represent peace. In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Demise Of The American Dream883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby - Demise of the American Dream The Great Gatsby (1925) is a highly symbolic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald on 1920 s America, an era of great prosperity and material excess. Its theme mainly deals with the disintegration of the American Dream due to decayed social and moral values. The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the right for prosperity, success, and social upward mobility for all Americans which can be achieved through hard work and dedicationRead MoreSymbolism In The Great Gatsby1029 Words   |  5 Pagestheir social status. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the idea of wealth is seen throughout. Jay Gatsby, who lives next door to Nick Carraway; the Narrator of the story, wants to be with his dream girl Daisy. Gatsby is wealthy and throws parties to impress Daisy. Daisy however, is married to another man Tom Buchanan. Throughout the story the people with money use it to create their social status. In The Great Gatsby F.Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to convey, wealth causes peopleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the central characters of The Great Gatsby, a timeless classic written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, set in a hedonistic summer of 1922 America, and Death of a Salesman, written by American playwright Arthur Miller set in 1949 America. The characterisation of both Willy and Gatsby illustrate that they have similarities, in a way that are considered destitute, with imperfect ethical conduct. To a certain extent both protagonists have the right intentions; Gatsby wants to grasp at his quest for loveRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1440 Words   |  6 Pages Katelyn Sullivan Professor Cahan College Writing (CUL-221624-01X) 30 November 2015 Symbolism in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is considered one of the greatest American novels ever written. A major aspect of the story is its symbolism, which is depicted through Fitzgerald’s views regarding American society in the 1920’s. Two significant elements of symbolism include, the green light and the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. Each component to the storyline isRead More The American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, by F. 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Gatsby’s brilliant and lusciousRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 793 Words   |  3 Pagesimportance? This can be known as a symbol! Symbolism can be found all over the place in the book, The Great Gatsby, and is a huge part of the book’s plot and characters. Some of these symbols are more important to the story than others, but all of them are a piece to the puzzle of the laudable book, The Great Gatsby. These symbols come in many different ways, and the book uses colors to show these important pieces. The book uses many different colors to show symbolism, and each color has its own effect on

Blood Revenge In Julius Caesar Essay Research free essay sample

Blood Revenge In Julius Caesar Essay, Research Paper Et tu Brute? Caesar sputtered before falling into the darkness known as decease. But this was non the terminal of Caesar nevertheless. Caesar returns to this universe as a shadiness or shade signifier. In fact, in this signifier he exerts more influence over Brutus than he of all time did in mortal signifier. Caesar is more powerful in his spirit for to impact Brutus than in his mortal signifier. It is in this shade signifier, Caesar full-fills his retaliation on Brutus. ( netessays.net ) Retaliation did non happen in the antediluvian universe merely in dramas and narratives. Revenge was a manner of life, an every twenty-four hours belief of the ancient times. In ancient times, the times of the Greeks and Romans to be precise, the dwellers believed that decease was most surely non the terminal. As a affair of fact, many of these people built full faiths around the chance of life after decease, such as the Greeks and the Romans. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Revenge In Julius Caesar Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A strong belief of the Greeks was that the shade or shadiness was so highly powerful that many a clip the liquidator would mangle his victim to fly the dead adult male s direct retaliation. ( B-Revenge ) Another strong belief in the thought of blood-revenge centered around native Gods. The people of the clip believed that the Gods played an of import function in blood-revenge, particularly if one of their Torahs were defied. In the Odyssey, Zeus and Athena intervene on Odysseus behalf when Odysseus wishes to destruct the suers that had plagued his castle for a figure of old ages. Zeus intervenes after his sacred policy, his policy of cordial reception, was violated and for that the suers were punished. In Julius Caesar, there is no grounds of any specific Gods interfering, such as duologue or actions, but there are many supernatural happenings. These omens show that something supernatural, be it a God or destiny, knows what is traveling to happen in the close hereafter. Therefore, the portents show grounds of god-like activity prefiguration, either warning or possibly even patronizing, the retaliation. For every wickedness committed there is an ineluctable effect, as is the instance when Thursday vitamin E plotters try to tackle the hereafter. Even though Brutus actions are baronial, no 1 can of all time trust to command history, those who try suffer a awful destiny. Caesar, Brutus, and Cassius are all guilty of haughtiness in believing they can command history ; as a effect, Caesar precipitates his ain decease and the other two merit the requital that overtakes them. ( Shks Crit V7 pg 142 ) For the offense of seeking to tackle that of which by nature is unmanageable, these work forces are punished. Another of import facet of blood-revenge was the belief of utmost trueness to the departed. If a relation was murdered so the victim s household s occupation was to ordain retaliation on the culprit. If ( or when ) the culprit is killed, so it was the responsibility of THAT victim s relatives to revenge HIS decease. Thus the rhythm of blood-revenge was neer stoping until one household is finally destroyed. This trueness to the dead shows the power that the deceased was believed to hold. The dead adult male led an attenuated life, but remained a powerful being, able to make injury, and he preserved the rights over his relations and Alliess, he was entitled to coerce them to dispatch their responsibilities. ( Blood Ven. And Family ) This deathless trueness is best expressed by Caesar s friend and co-worker, Antony. Blood Vengeance was an absolute responsibility, an unconditioned claim on the portion of the dead. ( B-Vengeance ) Antony believed this facet of blood-revenge so full hearted that he even waged a war for Caesar s behalf. He waged this war so that the plotters may eventually be defeated and so his responsibility to Caesar may eventually be full filled. This trueness to the dead drove Cassius to perpetrate retaliation, as it did many others throughout literary history. In the Odyssey, Poseidon avenges his boies ( Polyphemus ) decease by doing Odysseus return place next to impossible. In Hamlet, Hamlet avenges his male parent s decease by killing his male parent s liquidator, his uncle. In today s modern universe, the thought of retaliation is by and large frowned upon, but in the universe of the Greeks and Romans retaliation was non merely a usage, but a manner of life.

Situational Leadership

Leadership Styles is a concept that has been widely studied. Various scholars at different times have tried to understand leaders and styles of leadership. The wide attention given to leaders and leadership testify to the importance of leaders in the society. Leaders are found at different areas of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They give directions to the society on various issues. Leadership is very important in organizations. Leaders within an organization are expected to offer leadership on various issues experienced in an organization. Just like there are many leaders, the styles of leadership also vary. Conventionally, leadership styles are categorized in various groups such as transformational versus translational leadership and authoritative, democratic and free reign style. Although these are the major categories of leadership, styles of leadership are known to vary from one leader to the other (Sharlow 2006, para 2). Leaders can change the way they behave, their personality and leadership style. Situational leadership style, developed by Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey explains the ability of leaders to adapt their leadership style to different situations. Leadership style can be explained as the approach that an individual take in leading others. It involves the ways in which leaders motivate, direct and interact with their followers (Sharlow 2006, para. 3). Leadership has been considered as a major factor in the success of an organization in the recent past. Effective leadership enables an organization to meet its goals and gain competitive advantage (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy 2006, p. 81). Organizations’ environments have changed significantly in the recent past. To be effective, leaders have to be flexible to various leadership situations. They must be able to deal with their subordinates in different way s depending on situations. Effective leadership depicts the manner in which a leader is able to adjust their style of leadership depending on the people being led and the respective missions. Situational leadership proposes four styles that a leader can adopt depending on situation. These include directing, supporting, coaching and delegating (Cooley 2001, para. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Situational leadership is considered to be a function of leader’s personality, group personality and situation. It is represented by the formula: L=f (LP, GP, S) (Cooley 2001, para. 2). This implies that leadership style vary with personality of the leader, personality of subordinate and the situation. Group personality and situations vary frequently. The personality of the group may vary with education, experience and other factors in subordinates. Leadership situations on the other hand vary depending on the missions and other internal and external factors. An effective leader must therefore be able to adjust to these factors by assuming the most appropriate leadership style. Leaders can be able to change their behavior. Using situational leadership style, leaders can be able to adjust their leadership style depending on leadership situations as well as nature of subordinate. The four leadership styles can be appropriate at different situations (Cooley 2001, para. 5). Ability of a leader to choose the most appropriate style for a situation determines leadership success. For instance, when dealing with inexperienced subordinate, a leader can adopt directing leadership style. Through this style, leaders provide direct instructions on what is to be done and follows it up to ensure that the instructions are adhered to. After the subordinates have gained a considerable experience, a leader can use coaching style where lever of follow up is reduced. Depend ing on the confidence of the leader on the subordinate, supporting and delegating styles can be adopted. Currently, the business environment has become very competitive. In order to survive in this environment, it is vital for firm’s management team to consider developing and sustaining their competitive advantage. Leadership is one factors affecting competitive advantage. Organizations with effective leaders are able forge their way in the competitive environment thus becoming successful. Situational leadership style is one of the most effective leadership styles in the changing business environment. By incorporating this style, a leader can be able to apply the most appropriate leadership style depending on situations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Cooley, R. 2001. Leadership in an action, not a word. Web. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R. Curphy, G., 2006, Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. (5th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Sharlow, B. 2006. Situational Leadership. Web. This essay on Situational Leadership was written and submitted by user Cayden Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Movie Summary - Brokedown Palace essays

Movie Summary - Brokedown Palace essays What price innocence? This is the question posed in Brokedown Palace, a slight story of slackers who land behind bars in the most unlikely of places. Alice Marano (Claire Danes) and Darlene Davis (Kate Beckinsale) are best friends for life. They've only just made it out of high school, but that "for life" part will be severely tested, in several senses, before the movie is over. Bored by summer jobs, Alice and Darlene tell their parents they're going to visit Hawaii but instead set off to Thailand, lured by stories of good times for cheap. On a tour that makes Thailand look like just another village from a Disney theme park, they partake of quirky local traditions. Things only go downhill when Alice, the trouble maker of the two, invites Darlene to sneak into a glamorous hotel to swim and put drinks on random rooms' tabs. Caught in a lie, their tab is covered by a suave Australian named Nick Parks, who takes them dancing and asks them to join him in Hong Kong. Things unravel at the airport, where a swat team finds drugs in Alice's backpack, and soon a judge gives both girls 33-year prison terms. In these opening minutes, the most entertaining scene occurs when Darlene finds a roach in their cheap hotel room. Sadly, the rest of the movie hardly improves on that. Brokedown Palace serves as a study in muddled, ineffectual drama. For starters, a voiceover by Alice provides the film's set-up in the form of a tape being listened to by Yankee Hank (Bill Pullman), the lawyer the girls are trying to recruit. Pullman nods at the droning, off-topic ramblings on the tape, which are really meant for the viewers in the theater. Similarly, two characters in Brokedown Palace, the women's prison, appear to have been created solely to advance the plot more quickly. There is also the token unfriendly prisoner who loves to cause trouble for the two girls and for no one else. The simplistic melodrama doesn't end there. Alice keeps an irrel...

Implementation Case on Information Technology Coursework

Implementation Case on Information Technology - Coursework Example When it comes to managing change, the main problem that the management faces is employee resistance. This problem is addressed by involving all the employees in the process of managing change and by creating a communications structure which shows to the organization that the top management is committed to making a successful transition. These factors were not addressed in the case. And as a result, the project team members lost confidence in the project’s credibility. The critical success factor was to choose a project leader who had the right skills and experience. This did not appear to be the case as the chosen project leader was unable to resolve the conflicts between the different parties involved in the project. There was controversy as personnel from the department of accounting and finance felt excluded from project management (Bernier, Roy & Brunelle, 2006C). This indicates that there was lack of inter-departmental coordination. This led to difficulties in project man agement. It was the project manager’s responsibility to ensure that all the team members were equally represented. However he failed in this task. As a result the implementation process was held up. The project manager also did not have the right focus. He focused on project completion rather than on whether the implementation was being conducted in a manner which was strategically aligned to the business processes. As a result there were complaints from the team members. The implementation was focused too much on delivery times. In implementing ERP, the critical success factor is to ensure that the software functionalities are aligned to the business processes. It is more effective to change the software to suit the business processes than otherwise. However because the project leader’s only concern was to complete the implementation in time, the strategic alignment process was ignored. As a result the user groups began to question the credibility of the IT department . The user groups also complained that the project manager had become involved in political games which made him favor the IT department. Therefore the project manager had failed to involve all the departments in project management. The result was a confrontation between the IT department and the user groups and this led to difficulties in the implementation process. Although the user groups had been involved in the project management team, they did not know how their efforts were tied to the strategic focus of the company. One of the team members complained that he was constantly writing progress reports. Other team members felt that their time was not being used productively. Because the project manager was focusing too much on completion, the departmental requirements were not addressed. As a result the team members lost confidence in the implementation process and felt that the chosen software was not the right one for the organization. In these circumstances the project team me mbers did not feel motivated to invest their time and efforts in implementing the project. This situation was jeopardizing the future of the project. Because of the defective communications process, there were conflicts between the user groups and the software experts. The user groups felt that the software functionalities did not address the business processes effectively while the software experts were convinced they had the right configuration of options. In this situation there were problems in various dimensions of the project. The

The Use of Financial Tools in the Management Process Term Paper

The Use of Financial Tools in the Management Process - Term Paper Example Investments have related interest expense amounts. The same return shows the interest rate that is used to generate a resultant zero net present value. The present value is arrived at by using an interest rate in the computation. The annual or periodic cash inflow is collected. Examples of inflows of cash are: ? 260 for year 1, ? 280 for year 2, ? 250 and for year 3. The interest rate is given. The periodic or annual inflows of cash are multiplied by the present value factor (interest rate). The result of the multiplication activity is the present value amount of the periodic inflows of cash (Hilton, 2011). To computation of the rate of internal return, the present values are determined. Next, the decision maker must equate the cost of the investment as the total inflows of cash. Subtracting the two accounts, the net present value is nil (Daft, 2011). Next, the internal rate of return can be easily computed (Sollenberger, 2008). The total present value of net inflows of cash is divid ed by the total inflows of cash. The computation outcome is traced is plotted on the net present value table. The decision maker searches for the column where the division result falls. Further, the internal rate of return (IRR) tool is used to compare the financial performance of two or more entities. For example, the internal rate of return of Reagan Company is 6 percent. Further, Washington Company has an internal rate of return of 8 percent. Comparing the two companies’ internal rate of return, Washington Company has a better internal rate of return. The company with a higher internal rate of return output shows a financially better business image (Gitman, 2008). Compared with the net present value decision-making tool, the internal rate of return is a better management tool. Most decision makers prefer the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return places importance on times’ effect on money, cash flows. Time value analysis includes placing a higher value on the earlier collection or payment of cash amounts over the same amount of cash collected at later years.  

Sports Hunting is inhuman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sports Hunting is inhuman - Essay Example t is often done as a sport and too many, sport hunting is an acceptable pastime, despite the glaring immorality that it represents in that human take the lives of living creatures for the sake of entertainment. Bearing in mind that modern humans consider themselves civilized because of their â€Å"humanness† among other things, sport hunting is the epitome of inhumanity and reflects badly on the civilization of humankind. Sport hunting does not only strip animals of their right to leave free in the wild but also contributes to the depletion of some of the already endangered species. Wild animals like elephants and tigers have a right to live out their natural lifespan no matter how long or short they are so when hunters kill these animals they reduce their lifespan considerably (Ford). This is immoral because humans strive to ensure that their lives  are  as long as possible; taking care of their health and having hospitals and other health care institutions to promote longevity. Considering that, humans have a right to live out their natural life, they should not engage in reducing the lifespan of other creature just so they may experience a rush of adrenaline to collect a few game trophies (Simmons 4). In the same way, it is not permissible to kill, and skin fellow humans for sports or use them for experimental purposes such as medical research, one should not be allowed to treat the animals in a manner, which they know they would never want to be treated, or treat other human beings. It is also worth noting that in sports, hunting does not always die, as result an animal may be hit by a hunter’s bullet and this might remain in its body. With no way of getting it out, the animal will likely live the rest of life maimed or in pain until it dies of from injury or inability to feed acquire food due to the same injury. For example, wolf hunting in North America often involves the use of traps,  these can hold the animal in agony for hours and even day before the

Virtue Ethics: Deontological and Eudaimonist :: Ethics Judgements Papers

There are two basic types of ethical judgments: deontological judgements that focus on duty and obligation and eudaimonist judgements that focus on human excellence and the nature of the good life. I contend that we must carefully distinguish these two types of judgement and not try to understand one as a special case of the other. Ethical theories may be usefully divided into two main kinds, deontological or eudaimonist, on the basis of whether they take one of the other of these types of judgement as primary. A second important contention, which this paper supports but does not attempt to justify fully, is that neither type of theory trumps the other, nor should we subsume them under some more encompassing ethical synthesis. There are two basic kinds of ethical judgments. The first have to do with duty and obligation. For example: "Thou shalt not kill, lie, or steal." "You just keep your promises." These judgments often uphold minimal standards of onduct and (partly for that reason) assert or imply a moral ‘ought.’ The second kind of judgment focuses on human excellence and the nature of the good life. These judgments employ as their most general terms "happiness," "excellence," and perhaps "flourishing" (in addition to "the good life"). For example: "Happiness requires activity and not mere passive consumption." "The good life includes pleasure, friendship, intellectual development and physical health." I take these to be the two general types of ethical judgment, and all particular ethical judgments to be examples of these. The main contention of this paper is that we must carefully distinguish these two types of judgments, and not try to understand the one as a special case of the other. Ethical theories may be usefully divided into two main types, deontological or eudaimonist, on the basis of whether they take one or the other of these kinds of judgments as primary. (1) In the main, ancient ethical theories were eudaimonist in both form and content (in the kinds of judgments and terms they took as primary, and in the questions they spent the most time investigating). Most modern ethical theories have been deontological, again in both form and content. (2) Aristotle’s central question is: What is the good life for a human being? Kant and Mill’s central question is: What are our duties to our fellow human beings? My second main contention, which I cannot fully argue for here, is that neither type of theory trumps the other, nor should we attempt to subsume both types under some higher ethical synthesis.

Theory of Data Communication

Btec National Unit 8 – Communications Technologies |Hand-in date |Return date | |Assessment No: 8. | | | |Assessment Title: The theory of data communications | | | |This assessment has been internally verified by: Edexcel | | | |Hand out date: 21/10/10 Hand in date: 21/11/10 | | | |On going assignment used as a delivery tool | | | This assessment provides the opportunity to meet the grading criteria for the unit as indicated in the grid below. Student Name: Learner Authentication Statement If you copy from someone else or allow another candidate to copy from you, or if you cheat in any way you may be disqualified from at least the assignment concerned. Any help or information you have received from people other than your subject teacher must be clearly identified in the work itselfAny books, information leaflets or other material (eg videos, software packages or information from the internet) which you have used to help you complete this work must be clearly acknowledged in th e work itself. To present material copied from books or other sources without acknowledgement will be regarded as deliberate deception. Declaration by learner I have read and understood the above statements. I have produced the work without help except for help from my subject lecturer and the help which I have declared in the work itself. I have acknowledged all source material in the work itself.Write suitable materials for Chapter 1, section 1 which explains the purpose and workings of basic communication devices and the principles of signal theory. Task 1b M1 Explain techniques that can be used to reduce errors in transmissions Add a section 2 to your guide (entitled ‘Error detection and correction’) which explains the techniques that can be used to reduce data transmission errors. Task 2 and grading criteria covered TASK 2 P3Describe communication protocols used and explain why they are important D1Critically compare the OSI seven layer model and the TCP/IP model W rite section 3 (entitled ‘Communication protocols’), which should include a description of the communication protocols in common use and explain why protocols are important.Write a detailed comparison of the OSI seven layer model and the TCP/IP model, commenting on the approach taken and the suitability of each of the models. Guidance notes THIS ASSIGNMENT IS VERY MUCH ABOUT EXPLAINING THE BASIC THEORY THAT LIES BEHIND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. THERE ARE LOTS OF SOURCES FOR THIS INFORMATION IN BOOKS AND ON THE INTERNET, BUT REMEMBER WHAT YOU WRITE MUST BE IN YOUR OWN WORDS; YOU CANNOT COPY MATERIAL DIRECTLY FROM THESE SOURCES.For Task 1a you will need to list the various types of communication devices and explain how they are used. Note that the unit content makes a distinction between ‘general’ communication devices, network components (servers, workstations, NICs, etc. and interconnection devices (hubs, routers, switches, etc. ). For this task (covering P 1) you should be describing general communication devices, not specific components which are covered in Assignment 3. In practice, it might be quite difficult to make this distinction, but don’t spend too much time describing network components in this assignment. In terms of communication devices, the unit content mentions wired devices, such as DTE devices (e. g. , a computer) and DCE devices (such as a modem), and wireless devices (such as mobile phones, PDAs and laptops, etc. ). You need to explain in outline the way these devices can be connected to a network.To cover P2 an explanation of digital signal theory is required. Refer again to the unit content to see the issues you must cover. For Task 1b you need to write an explanation of the techniques used for error reduction. The only technique mentioned in the unit content is checksums, but other simple techniques such as parity might also be covered. For Task 2 an explanation of what protocols are, why they are importan t and examples of ones in common use are required. To achieve D1 you will need to write a detailed comparison of the OSI and the TCP/IP models. This will need to point out the similarities and differences between the two models. LEARNER INSTRUCTIO The theory of data communications | |By Olateju Famuyiwa | | This book gives details of the basics of communication devices and methods of communication used within networking and the | |internet environment. | Table of Content Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE)4 Wireless Devices4 The principles of signal theory5 Data5 Denary to Binary5 Data Packets5 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions6 Bandwidth (Analogue)6 Bandwidth (Digital)6 Section2 Error detection and correction6 Parity (Odd and Even)6 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)7 Chapter 27Section3 Communications Protocols7 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)7 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)7 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)8 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)8 OS I Seven Layer Model9 TCP/IP Four Layer Model10 Critical Comparison10 The Session Layer (OSI)10 The Presentation Layer (OSI)10 The Application Layer (OSI)10 How OSI builds up applications10 How TCP/IP builds up applications11 Transport Layer (OSI)11 Transport Layer (TCP/IP)11 Comparing Transport for both Models11 Network Vs. Internet. 11 Data Link/Physical Vs. Subnet11 Assignment 8. : The theory of data communications I recently just got a job as a junior technician at NetCo; NetCo is a company that manufactures networking hardware such as switches, routers, etc†¦ They’re planning to start up a networking academy (rather like the Cisco Network Academy) and create related qualifications. The project manager has approached me so as to prepare some learning materials for ‘Chapter 1’ of the online course. Chapter 1 is entitled ‘The Theory of Data Communications’. The chapter will be subdivided into a number of sections. And I’ve decided that t he materials shall be produced in the form of a Word document. Chapter 1 Section1Identify and explain types of communication devices There are different types of communication devices; Communication devices are electronic hardware that interacts (communicates) with each other to perform specific tasks. The technologies that are used to communicate are data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). Another type of communication devices would be Wireless devices. I plan to explain all the above in detail. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) DTE is a form of expression for a device that is at the end of the line. Examples of this could be a modem, network interface card (NIC), mobile phone or Bluetooth.DTEs differ depending on its purpose, for example, with Bluetooth, size and range are an important feature and with mobile phones, the quality and bandwidth are more important. Network cards and modems exist in a range of formats that are designed for a wide range of speeds i. e. bandwidth depending on the type of network being used. Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) DCE and DTE work together by the DTE connecting to the Internet or network service offered by the DCE. This is network equipment which controls the communication. Some examples of these are: †¢ A Bluetooth dongle in a PC, which is used to synchronise a mobile phone or PDA. †¢ A switch in a communications/server room at school, college or work, which will connect all the computers to the Local Area Network (LAN) and the InternetWireless Devices Wireless devices are devices which transmit their data over the air. Types of mobile communication devices would be third (3G) and (2G) group of mobile phones, wireless laptops and wireless PDAs. Wireless networks use the 802. 11x standard. This is the IEEE standard (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) which defines the speed of the network and its range. The mobile phone network is a large connection of stat ions throughout the nation and internationally which allows subscribers to the service to communicate through low bandwidth voice system. The principles of signal theory Data The smallest portion of data is a bit.The word bit comes from Binary Digit which is either a 0 or 1. 0 or 1 means Off or On. This controls hardware within communication devices to perform operations. When bits are grouped together the can become more useful. For example, 8 bits of data will form 1 Byte. Denary to Binary Denary means 10 numbers. In our standard number system we have 10 numbers. These are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Now to convert Denary to Binary, you must know the base 2 rules. These are similar to units, tens, hundreds that primary school children are taught. So for example say†¦ I want to convert the denary number 37 into binary. I would do this by taking the number and dividing it by 2 each time: Divide by 2 |37 |Remainder | |Divide by 2 |18 |1 | |Divide by 2 |9 |0 | |Divide by 2 |4 |1 | |Div ide by 2 |2 |0 | |Divide by 2 |1 |0 | | |0 |1 | Now what I do is take the remainders from the bottom of the table going up: 100101. With this I will now do 2 to the power of X, X being 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 etc. 25 24 23 22 21 20 – This is the 2x 1 0 0 1 0 1 – This is the binary for 37 32 16 8 4 2 1 – This is the base 2 ruleNow to check that the binary is correct I will take the base 2 numbers where the binary is a 1 and add them together. I should get the denary number: 32+4+1=37 This is how denary is converted to binary. Data Packets In networking, data must be formed in a package to be able to be transported over a network. Package formats vary for different types of networks. However the term data packet is always used to describe a package. A packet will contain a minimum of the foundation address, the destination address, data and error control. The foundation address is sent so the destination knows who sent the data. The destination address is used to find the r ight destination.Data is the actual information being sent. Error control is sent to help identify problems with the data once it has arrived at its destination (see chapter 1b for error detection techniques). Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions Asynchronous transmission means that the receiving device must accept the receipt of data before the source device will send more data. In synchronous transmission, both devices will synchronise with each other before any data is sent. Bandwidth (Analogue) Analogue signals are sine waves which look like the waveform in image 1. Sine waves are known as analogue signals is because they are an analogy of sound waves which travel in the same way.Analogue bandwidth is the number is cycles that occurs with the sine wave over a period of time, for example in image 1, the wave is 1Hz and occurred within 20ms so the bandwidth is 1Hzpms (1 Hertz per millisecond). So, finally, the bandwidth of an analogue signal is the difference in frequency be tween the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the signal. Bandwidth (Digital) Digital bandwidth is different to analogue bandwidth because digital signals are either 0 (off) or 1 (on) and look like squares (see image 1. 2). Digital bandwidth is the quantity of data that can be sent through a transmission over a specified period of time. These are generally measured in Bits per second (bps), Kilobits per second (kbps), Megabits per second (mbps) and Giga bits per second (gbps).Section2 Error detection and correction Parity (Odd and Even) Even  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Parity checking is usually used for Bytes of data. A parity bit is added to every Byte of data transmitted, whether the ninth bit is ‘0’ or ‘1’ depends on the combination of the other eight bits. If there is an uneven number of ‘1’s then the parity bit will be a ‘1’, if there is an even number of ‘1’s the parity bit will be a ‘0’. There should alway s be an even number of ‘1’s in the data. For example: 1011001 Parity bit = 0 Odd  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This works the same way as even parity checking, however, instead of the ‘1’s equalling an even number, they should equal an odd number.For example: 1011001 Parity bit = 1 Parity checking is easy to apply and can detect errors, however, it cannot correct errors, therefore, if an error is detected the data would need to be transmitted again. This method does not always work, this is because only an odd number of bits in error can be detected, if there is an even number of bits but there is still an error, this will not be detected. For example: 1011001 could be transmitted as 1100011. This is not the way that the data should have been transmitted but the error would not be detected because the data has an even number of bits in error. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Cyclic Redundancy Check is an error-detecting system. It performs a long division equation where the ans wer is thrown away and the remainder becomes the result.The data is then transferred and the same equation is done at the other end, if the remainder of the equation isn’t the same as the receipt, the data is corrupt and therefore rejected. Chapter 2 Section3 Communications Protocols Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that order the distribution of information over the internet. Its use to retrieve hypertext documents, which are interlinked text documents, led to the development of the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request and response made by the client and server, the client being the end user and the server being the web site. A client that makes a HTTP request using a web browser is known as a User Agent.The server, which stores resources such as HTML files or images, is called the Origin Server. Between the User Agent and the Origin Server may be intermediaries i. e. a negotiator who acts as a link between parties and examples are proxies, tunnels and gateways. HTTP is not controlled by the TCP/IP model and is the most popular application on the internet. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) The Internet Protocol Suite (or TCP/IP) is a set of protocols for communication used for the internet and similar networks. Its name derives from the two most important protocols in it, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which are the first protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite standard.The Internet Protocol Suite may be viewed as a set of layers that work together in the transportation of data from one place to another. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers, from lowest to highest they are the: †¢ Link Layer †¢ Internet Layer †¢ Transport Layer †¢ Application Layer File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol is a protocol that is used to transfer data from one computer to another computer or device. FTP is a protocol for file transfer which allows the transfer and change of files over a TCP network. A FTP client connects to an FTP server and the client can then make changes, add or delete files on the FTP server. An example of an FTP client would be the webpage upload feature on Microsoft FrontPage.FTP has been designed so files can be transferred to any FTP server regardless of operating system type or version. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnections Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is a description for layered communications and network protocol design. This was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection intelligence. Basically, network architecture has been divided into seven layers. From top to bottom, these layers are: †¢ Application †¢ Presentation †¢ Session †¢ Transport †¢ Network †¢ Data Link †¢ Physical This is known as the OSI Seven Layer Model. Each layer is characterized by their formation. These provid e services to the layer above and receive services from the layer below it.An example of this would be a layer that can provide error free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it. It then calls the next layer below it to send and receive packets that make up the contents. Comparison between the OSI seven layer model and TCP/IP model OSI Seven Layer Model The OSI Seven Layer Model is a model for data transfer through layered communications allowing data from one PC to be able to be read by another PC anywhere in the world. This model packets the data into many layers, an example would be the layers of an onion, so it then transfers itself to another computer where it goes through the same seven layers but in the opposite direction to unwrap those layers.See image 6 for the structure of an OSI Seven Layer Model. These layers don’t communicate across to their ‘doppelganger’ layer on the other computer. If they wish to commun icate, they have to go through all the other layers that stand between them and their ‘doppelganger’ layer. This table to the right is basically explaining what each layer’s job is. (Table obtained from www. humanreffence. com under the download section) TCP/IP Four Layer Model The TCP/IP model captures data to provide idea of protocols and services. Data is captured in the same way as data is within the OSI Seven Layer Model, so data has to be captured on each level in the same way.The OSI Seven Layer model and the TCP/IP model are both similar in that they both use layers to perform tasks. They also have 2 layers that are very similar, the Transport and Network layers. The TCP/IP internet protocol suite has a wide range of protocols working at each layer of the OSI and TCP/IP models. Critical Comparison OSI and TCP/IP are both similar in a few ways, these being that they both work with layers to communicate, they are both a set of rules and they were also devel oped alongside. The Session Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Session layer allows two devices to hold on going communications called a session across a network. This is not found in TCP/IP.In TCP/IP, these characteristics are found in the Transport layer. The Presentation Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Presentation layer handles data format information for communications across a network. This is done by converting the information into a common format that both sides can understand. This is provided by the Application layer in the TCP/IP model. The Application Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Application layer is the top most layer of the model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications to gain access to services within a network as well as access to network services that support applications directly e. g: OSI – FTAM, VT, MHS, DS, CMIP TCP/IP – FTP, SMTP, DNS, SNMPAlthough the idea of an application process is common within both, their approach to the task of constructing application entities is very different. How OSI builds up applications OSI demands that distributed applications operate over a strict hierarchy of layers and are constructed from a tool kit of standardised application service elements, making them compatible. How TCP/IP builds up applications In TCP/IP, each application is created on whatever set of functions it needs beyond end to end transport to support a distributed communications service. Most of these processes build upon what it needs and assumes that only an underlying transport method (such as a datagram or connection) will be provided. Transport Layer (OSI)In OSI, the Transport layer takes the data that is going to be sent and breaks it down into individual packets that are sent and then reassembled by the Transport layer at the destination. It also provides a signalling service which tells the sender that the destination had received the data has been successfully received. Transport Layer (TCP/IP) In TC P/IP, the Transport layer introduces two transport protocols, TCP and UDP. TCP implements reliable transportation of data whereas UDP doesn’t. The reason this is, is because TCP required acknowledgement to ensure that data is sent correctly and successfully. If an error is detected, the packet can be resent. UDP just broadcasts the data without any need for a reply from the destination therefore data transportation will be faster but will be less reliable as errors can occur.Comparing Transport for both Models Transport for both models is very similar as they both contain transfer protocols that required acknowledgement that data has been received by the destination. While this would be slower, this is more effective as data will always end up being sent correctly. Network Vs. Internet. Both OSI and TCP/IP support a connectionless network service. OSI’s CLNP is practically identical to the Internet’s IP. Both are best-effort-delivery protocols. They are virtuall y identical but the one major difference that sets them apart is that CLNP supports variable length addresses whereas IP supports fixed, 32-bit addresses.

The Commonly Confused Verbs Shall and Will

The verbs shall and will both point to the future, but in contemporary  American English, shall is used only rarely. In  British English, shall and will are often used interchangeably with little or no difference of meaning. According to linguist R.L. Trask, traditional rules regarding  shall and will are little more than a fantastic invention. Internationally, will is now the standard choice for expressing future plans and expectations. However, in first-person questions shall is often used to express politeness  (Shall we dance?), and in legal statements, shall is used with a third-person subject for stating requirements (Rent shall be paid  when due,  in accordance with the terms hereof). Examples I signed the lease. Incredible. In the middle of all this fine print, there was the one simple sentence, There shall be no water beds.(John Updike, Gesturing. Playboy, 1980)   Stuttering, Bessie told him  what had happened to her. She showed him the handle of the key she had clutched in her hand all night.Mother of God! he called out.What shall I do? Bessie asked.I will open your door.But you dont have a passkey.(Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Key. The New Yorker, 1970)   [W]hen people come and see me they always say, Shall we meet in the local pub?(Simon Russell Beale, quoted by  Imogen Carter  and  Kathryn Bromwich, What Goes On in the Wings. The Observer [UK], November 20, 2016)   If you do not eat your potatoes, you will be upset, and I will be upset; your father, clearly, is already upset. If you do eat your potatoes, I shall be pleased, you will be pleased, your tummy will be pleased.(William Goldman, The Princess Bride. Harcourt, 1973)   I will go home, Bessie decided. People will not leave me in the streets.(Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Key.  The New Yorker, 1970)   Humans need to find a new  planet within 1,000 years to keep the species alive,  Stephen Hawking said in a talk this week. Hawking, the noted theoretical physicist, said that humans will likely expend the planet’s resources in that time.(Justin Worland, Stephen Hawking Gives Humans a Deadline for Finding a New Planet. Time,  November 17, 2016) Usage Notes [T]heres simply  no reason to hold on to shall. The word is peripheral in American English.(Bryan A, Garner,  Garners Modern English Usage, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2016) The Traditional Rules There is a traditional textbook ruling that runs as follows. For simple futurity, you use shall after I or we but will after everything else, while, to express determination or command, you use will after I or we but shall after everything else. By these rules, the required forms are We shall finish tonight (simple statement) versus We will finish tonight (expressing determination), but They will finish tonight (simple statement) versus They shall finish tonight (an order).As grammarians never tire of pointing out, these bizarre rules do not accurately describe the real usage of careful speakers at any time or in any place in the history of English, and they are little more than a fantastic invention. If you are one of the handful of speakers for whom these rules now seem completely natural, then by all means go ahead and follow them. But, if you are not, just forget about them, and use your natural forms.Do not try to use shall if the word does not feel entirely natural, and especia lly dont try to use it merely in the hope of sounding more elegant. Doing so will probably produce something that is acceptable to no one.(R.L. Trask, Say What You Mean! A Troubleshooters Guide to English Style and Usage, David R. Godine, 2005) The Hazy Distinction Between Intention and Futurity [T]he distinction between intention and futurity can be hazy, and grammarians of C17 and C18 devised an odd compromise whereby both shall and will could express one or the other, depending on the grammatical person involved. . . . Research by Fries (1925) into the language of English drama from C17 on showed that this division of labor was artificial even in its own time. These paradigms were however enshrined in textbooks of later centuries and still taught a few decades ago. Their neglect is one of the better consequences of abandoning the teaching of grammar in schools.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, Cambridge University Press, 2004)​ British Uses of Shall and Will British people use I shall/I will and we shall/we will with no difference of meaning in most situations. However, shall is becoming very much less common than will. Shall is not normally used in American English. . . . Shall and will are not only used for giving information about the future. They are also common in offers, promises, orders and similar kinds of interpersonal language use. In these cases, will (or ll) generally expresses willingness, wishes or strong intentions (this is connected with an older use of will to mean wish or want). Shall expresses obligation (like a more direct form of should).(Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1995)​ Where Shall Survives In colloquial and indeed all spoken English . . . will is fast displacing shall in all cases in which shall was formerly used and in which we are recommended to use it. . . . It survives chiefly in first person questions, where it usefully distinguishes Shall I open the window? (as an offer or proposal) from Will I need a towel? ( will it be necessary). It is useful that the construction ll stands for both shall and will. (Eric Partridge, Usage and Abusage, edited by Janet Whitcut, W.W. Norton, 1995)​ AP Style Use shall to express determination: We shall overcome. You and he shall stay. Either shall or will may be used in first-person constructions that do not emphasize determination: We shall hold a meeting. We will hold a meeting.For second- and third-person constructions, use will unless determination is stressed: You will like it. She will not be pleased.(The Associated Press 2015  Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, Basic Books, 2015) Practice (a) Lets go into the church, _____ we?(b) If you build it, he _____ come.(c) Martha _____ bring the salad. Answers to Practice Exercises: Shall and Will (a) Lets go into the church, shall we?(b) If you build it, he will come.(c) Martha  will bring the salad. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words